《Efficient Oral Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs Using Carnitine/Organic Cation Transporter 2-Mediated Polymeric Micelles》 was published in ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering in 2020. These research results belong to He, Chuyu; Jin, Yao; Deng, Yunqiang; Zou, Yang; Han, Shidi; Zhou, Chuhang; Zhou, Yuanhang; Liu, Yan. HPLC of Formula: 539-74-2 The article mentions the following:
The intestine epithelium is considered to be the most critical obstacle for nanoparticles for oral delivery of water-insoluble and poorly absorbed drugs. Based on the specific transporters located on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium, the carnitine-conjugated polymeric micelles targeting to the carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) were developed by combining carnitine-conjugated poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(D,L-lactide) with monomethoxy poly(ethylene-glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide). The carnitine-conjugated micelles with favorable stability in gastrointestinal fluid were validated to remarkably increase the cellular internalization and transcellular transport, while these were not the cases in the presence of free carnitine. These were further confirmed by more distribution of the micelles within epithelial cells, on the apical and basolateral side of the epithelium in mice. Addnl., identification of the carnitine-conjugated micelles by OCTN2 was detected to facilitate cellular uptake of the micelles via fluorescence immunoassay. Both clathrin and caveolae/lipid rafts pathways mediated endocytosis and transcellular transport of the carnitine-conjugated micelles, implying the enrichment of endocytic and transcellular transport pathway compared with that of carnitine-unconjugated micelles. Further, the intracellular trafficking process of the carnitine-conjugated micelles was tracked under confocal laser scanning microscopy, which involved in intracellular compartments such as late endosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus as well. In conclusion, the current study provided an efficient strategy to facilitate the oral absorption of water-insoluble and poorly absorbed agents using intestinal transporter-mediated polymeric micelles. After reading the article, we found that the author used Ethyl 3-bromopropanoate(cas: 539-74-2HPLC of Formula: 539-74-2)
Ethyl 3-bromopropanoate(cas: 539-74-2) belongs to organobromine compounds.Depending on the type of carbon to which the bromine is bonded, organic bromide could be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl. Dehydrobromination, Grignard reactions, reductive coupling, Wittig reaction, and several nucleophilic substitution reactions are some of the principal reactions which involve organic bromides. HPLC of Formula: 539-74-2
Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary