Month: December 2022

Universal Hole Transporting Material via Mutual Doping for Conventional, Inverted, and Blade-Coated Large-Area Organic Solar Cells was written by Yang, Yi;Wang, Jingwen;Bi, Pengqing;Kang, Qian;Zheng, Zhong;Xu, Bowei;Hou, Jianhui. And the article was included in Chemistry of Materials in 2022.Computed Properties of C4H4BrNO2 This article mentions the following:

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have been widely used as hole transporting materials (HTMs) in optoelectronic devices due to their good film-forming ability. However, the low work function (WF) and poor conductivity of CPEs are long-standing issues that limit their performances and applications. Herein, by a rational mol. design and an innovative mutual doping mechanism, we developed a new CPE composite PIDT-F:phosphomolybdic acid (PIDT-F:PMA) that can be used as HTM in diverse types of organic solar cells (OSCs), such as conventional, inverted, and blade-coated large-area devices. The redox reaction between the CPE PIDT-F and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) has a synergistic effect that significantly increases the doping d. by nearly 2 orders of magnitude. Such mutual doping is an effective approach to simultaneously obtain ultrahigh WF and good conductivity in HTMs. Notably, the PIDT-F:PMA HTM showed superior hole collection ability over poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and achieved a high photovoltaic efficiency (PCE) of 17.6%, representing the highest PCE in OSCs with a pH-neutral solution-processed HTM so far. Furthermore, PIDT-F:PMA can form smooth films on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates; therefore, the HTM could also be used to fabricate inverted and blade-coated large-area OSCs, showing high PCEs of 16.9 and 16.4%, resp. We believe that such a design strategy will pave a new path for the exploration of highly efficient and universal HTMs for diverse OSCs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5Computed Properties of C4H4BrNO2).

1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. The principal reactions for organobromides include dehydrobromination, Grignard reactions, reductive coupling, and nucleophilic substitution.Computed Properties of C4H4BrNO2

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Discovery of Novel cccDNA Reducers toward the Cure of Hepatitis B Virus Infection was written by Chen, Dongdong;Tan, Xuefei;Chen, Wenming;Liu, Yongfu;Li, Chao;Wu, Jun;Zheng, Jiamin;Shen, Hong C.;Zhang, Meifang;Wu, Waikwong;Wang, Lin;Xiong, Jing;Dai, Jieyu;Sun, Kai;Zhang, Jitao David;Xiang, Kunlun;Li, Baocun;Ni, XiaoJu;Zhu, Qihui;Gao, Lu;Wang, Li;Feng, Song. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2022.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide disease that causes thousands of deaths per yr. Currently, there is no therapeutic that can completely cure already infected HBV patients due to the inability of humans to eliminate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which serves as the template to (re)initiate an infection even after prolonged viral suppression. Through phenotypic screening, xanthone series I (X = -C(O)-, -CH₂-, -SO₂-, etc.; Y = CH, N; Z = CH, N, CCN, etc.; R = H, Me, F, CN, etc.; R¹ = pyrrolidin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, 3-carboxypyrrolidin-1-yl, etc.; R² = H, Cl, F) that hits as novel HBV cccDNA reducers was discovered, and subsequent structure optimization led to the identification of a lead compound with improved antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic profiles. A representative compound I (X = -C(O)-; Y = Z = CH; R = H; R¹ = (3R)-3-carboxypyrrolidin-1-yl; R² = Cl) (II) demonstrated good potency and oral bioavailability with no cellular toxicity. In an HBVcircle mouse model, compound II showed excellent efficacy in significantly reducing HBV antigens, DNA, and intrahepatic cccDNA levels. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzoate (cas: 179232-29-2Category: bromides-buliding-blocks).

Methyl 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzoate (cas: 179232-29-2) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. The reactivity of organobromine compounds resembles but is intermediate between the reactivity of organochlorine and organoiodine compounds. For many applications, organobromides represent a compromise of reactivity and cost.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Synthesis of pyrrolidinedione-fused hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines via three-component [3 + 2] cycloaddition followed by one-pot N-allylation and intramolecular Heck reactions was written by Ma, Xiaoming;Meng, Suzhi;Zhang, Xiaofeng;Zhang, Qiang;Yan, Shenghu;Zhang, Yue;Zhang, Wei. And the article was included in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020.Related Products of 85118-24-7 This article mentions the following:

Two kinds of [3 + 2] cycloaddition intermediates generated from the three-component reactions of 2-bromobenzaldehydes and maleimides with amino esters or amino acids were used for a one-pot N-allylation and intramol. Heck reactions to form pyrrolidinedione-fused hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines I (R¹ = Me, Et, i-Bu; R² = H, 8-Me, 8-Cl, etc.; R³ = Me, Et, C₆H₅, etc.) and II (R¹ = H, 8-Me, 9-MeO, 8-CF₃; R² = Me, Et, C₆H₅, etc.). The multicomponent reaction was combined with one-pot reactions to make a synthetic method with good pot, atom and step economy. MeCN was used as a preferable green solvent for the reactions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (cas: 85118-24-7Related Products of 85118-24-7).

2-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (cas: 85118-24-7) belongs to organobromine compounds. Most of the natural organobromine compounds are produced by marine organisms, and several brominated metabolites with antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, and antifungal activity have been isolated from seaweed, sponges, corals, molluscs, and others. Commercially available organobromine pharmaceuticals include the vasodilator nicergoline, the sedative brotizolam, the anticancer agent pipobroman, and the antiseptic merbromin. Related Products of 85118-24-7

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Evolution of a 4-Benzyloxy-benzylamino Chemotype to Provide Efficacious, Potent, and Isoform Selective PPARα Agonists as Leads for Retinal Disorders was written by Dou, Xiaozheng;Nath, Dinesh;Shin, Henry;Nurmemmedov, Elmar;Bourne, Philip C.;Ma, Jian-Xing;Duerfeldt, Adam S.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2020.Electric Literature of C9H11BrO This article mentions the following:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is expressed in retinal Müller cells, endothelial cells, and in retinal pigment epithelium; agonism of PPARα with genetic or pharmacol. tools ameliorates inflammation, vascular leakage, neurodegeneration, and neovascularization associated with retinal diseases in animal models. As such, PPARα is a promising drug target for diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Herein, we report proof-of-concept in vivo efficacy in an streptozotocin-induced vascular leakage model (rat) and preliminary pharmacokinetic assessment of a first-generation lead 4a (A91). Addnl., we present the design, synthesis, and evaluation of second-generation analogs, which led to the discovery of 4u and related compounds that reach cellular potencies <50 nM and exhibit >2,700-fold selectivity for PPARα over other PPAR isoforms. These studies identify a pipeline of candidates positioned for detailed PK/PD and pre-clin. evaluation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (cas: 14425-64-0Electric Literature of C9H11BrO).

1-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (cas: 14425-64-0) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. Commercially available organobromine pharmaceuticals include the vasodilator nicergoline, the sedative brotizolam, the anticancer agent pipobroman, and the antiseptic merbromin. Electric Literature of C9H11BrO

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Chemical screening of novel strigolactone agonists that specifically interact with DWARF14 protein was written by Yasui, Rei;Seto, Yoshiya;Ito, Shinsaku;Kawada, Kojiro;Itto-Nakama, Kaori;Mashiguchi, Kiyoshi;Yamaguchi, Shinjiro. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2019.Application of 615-55-4 This article mentions the following:

Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that regulate shoot branching as well as being known as root-derived signals for parasitic and symbiotic interactions. The phys. interaction between SLs and the DWARF14 (D14) receptor family can be examined by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) that monitors the changes in protein melting temperature (Tm). The Tm of D14 is lowered by bioactive SLs in DSF anal. In this report, we screened the compounds that lower the Tm of Arabidopsis D14 (AtD14) as potential candidates for SL agonists using DSF anal. Subsequent physiol. analyzes revealed that 113D10 acts as a novel SL agonist in a D14-dependent manner. Intriguingly, 113D10 has a chem. structure different from natural SLs in that it does not possess an enol ether bond that connects to a methylbutenolide moiety. Moreover, 113D10 does not stimulate seed germination of root parasitic plants. Accordingly, 113D10 can be a useful tool for SL studies and agricultural applications. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3,4-Dibromoaniline (cas: 615-55-4Application of 615-55-4).

3,4-Dibromoaniline (cas: 615-55-4) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. When the molecular ion is detected, the bromine and chlorine isotope patterns are very distinct, but caution is to be exercised for certain mixed chlorinated/brominated compounds, which can look similar to homohalogen patterns.Application of 615-55-4

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Quinone Diazides for Olefin Functionalization was written by Dao, Hai T.;Baran, Phil S.. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2014.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The use of quinone diazides, e.g., I, in the functionalization of olefins, e.g., (+)-carvone, via rhodium-catalyzed tandem cyclopropanation/selective ring-opening reactions was investigated. The products, e.g., II, were produced with good regioselectivity. The methodol. was then applied to the the synthesis of steroidal-type compounds III and IV. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5Category: bromides-buliding-blocks).

4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Most of the natural organobromine compounds are produced by marine organisms, and several brominated metabolites with antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, and antifungal activity have been isolated from seaweed, sponges, corals, molluscs, and others. The principal reactions for organobromides include dehydrobromination, Grignard reactions, reductive coupling, and nucleophilic substitution.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

A General Catalytic Route to Isoindolinones and Tetrahydroisoquinolines: Application in the Synthesis of (±)-Crispine A was written by Dhanasekaran, Sivasankaran;Bisai, Vishnumaya;Unhale, Rajshekhar A.;Suneja, Arun;Singh, Vinod K.. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2014.Recommanded Product: 1-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-methoxybenzene This article mentions the following:

An unprecedented highly efficient Lewis acid catalyzed one-pot cascade has been demonstrated as a general catalytic system for the synthesis of diversely substituted isoindolinones, e.g., I (R = 2-MeOC₆H₄, Ph, 4-BrC₆H₄, etc.), and tetrahydroisoquinolines, e.g, II. The cascade effects one C-C and two C-N bond-forming events in one pot. Several interesting transformations of the products into valuable synthetic intermediates are featured with the successful total synthesis of (±)-crispine A (III). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (cas: 14425-64-0Recommanded Product: 1-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-methoxybenzene).

1-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (cas: 14425-64-0) belongs to organobromine compounds. A variety of minor organobromine compounds are found in nature, but none are biosynthesized or required by mammals. Organobromine compounds have fallen under increased scrutiny for their environmental impact. When the molecular ion is detected, the bromine and chlorine isotope patterns are very distinct, but caution is to be exercised for certain mixed chlorinated/brominated compounds, which can look similar to homohalogen patterns.Recommanded Product: 1-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-methoxybenzene

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Development of a Process to a 4-Arylated 2-Methylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one for the Treatment of Solid Tumors: Lessons in Ortho-Bromination, Selective Solubility, Pd Deactivation, and Form Control was written by Primer, David N.;Yong, Kelvin;Ramirez, Antonio;Kreilein, Matthew;Ferretti, Antonio C.;Ruda, Antonio M.;Fleary-Roberts, Nadia;Moseley, Jonathan D.;Forsyth, Sian M.;Evans, Graham R.;Traverse, John F.. And the article was included in Organic Process Research & Development in 2022.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Presented an optimized, scalable synthesis of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitor BMS-986378 (CC-90010). The original route and process 1A was 7 steps with 33.8% yield and featured numerous problematic solvents, process safety concerns, difficult to scale unit operations and challenging to control impurities. Reaction optimization to remove or mitigate these challenges resulted in first scale-up route and process, 2A. Subsequent challenges encountered on scale-up of route and process 2A warranted the creation and implementation of an enhanced process, which eliminated dichloromethane from a phenol bromination, improved catalyst performance in the penultimate cross-coupling and finally developed a concomitant solvent charging process for form control in the final API crystallization The resulting scale-up route and process, 2B, were demonstrated on a >50 kg scale and afforded the final product in 49% yield over 7 steps in >99.9% assay and area purity, meeting all ICH requirements for quality. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5Category: bromides-buliding-blocks).

1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. A variety of minor organobromine compounds are found in nature, but none are biosynthesized or required by mammals. Organobromine compounds have fallen under increased scrutiny for their environmental impact. Many of the alkyl bromine derivatives are excellent alkylating agents since bromides are good leaving groups. Tribromides, like tetrabutylammonium tribromide, are used as a solid source of bromine. N-bromosuccimide (NBS) is used for the selective bromination of allylic bonds.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Comparison of QSAR predictions with fish toxicity screening data for 110 phenols was written by Lipnick, Robert L.;Bickings, Charlene K.;Johnson, David E.;Eastmond, David A.. And the article was included in ASTM Special Technical Publication in 1985.Safety of 4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-nitrophenol This article mentions the following:

A comparison was made between the predicted 96-h guppy median lethal concentration of 110 phenols based upon quant. structure-activity relationship (QSAR) equations of J. Saarikoski and M. Viluksela (1982) and the data from 936 toxicity screening tests for these chems. Test data on up to 8 species of freshwater fishes were available per compound Overall, the exptl. toxicity data on these chem. were consistent with the QSAR predictions. The 110 phenols occupy a considerably larger range of spanned substituent space than the QSAR training set. One compound, 4-aminophenol  [123-30-8] exhibited lethality at test concentrations of 35 times below that predicted. The increased fish toxicity of this compound is explained in terms of a proelectrophilic mol. mechanism, in which the parent compound is metabolically oxidized to a para quinoid structure. The resulting electrophilic metabolite is susceptible to attack by nucleophilic moieties present in biol. macromols. leading to covalent bond formation and inhibition of biochem. processes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-nitrophenol (cas: 58349-01-2Safety of 4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-nitrophenol).

4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-nitrophenol (cas: 58349-01-2) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromo compounds are employed in a variety of metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. They are also ideal candidates for the synthesis of Grignard reagents that have wide-applicability in organic synthesis. The reactivity of organobromine compounds resembles but is intermediate between the reactivity of organochlorine and organoiodine compounds. For many applications, organobromides represent a compromise of reactivity and cost.Safety of 4-Bromo-2-chloro-6-nitrophenol

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Cleavable Comonomers for Chemically Recyclable Polystyrene: A General Approach to Vinyl Polymer Circularity was written by Kiel, Gavin R.;Lundberg, David J.;Prince, Elisabeth;Husted, Keith E. L.;Johnson, Alayna M.;Lensch, Valerie;Li, Sipei;Shieh, Peyton;Johnson, Jeremiah A.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2022.Application In Synthesis of Methyl 2-bromo-4-fluorobenzoate This article mentions the following:

Many common polymers, especially vinyl polymers, are inherently difficult to chem. recycle and are environmentally persistent. The introduction of low levels of cleavable comonomer additives into existing vinyl polymerization processes could facilitate the production of chem. deconstructable and recyclable variants with otherwise equivalent properties. Here, we report thionolactones that serve as cleavable comonomer additives for the chem. deconstruction and recycling of vinyl polymers prepared through free radical polymerization, using polystyrene (PS) as a model example. Deconstructable PS of different molar masses (~20-300 kDa) bearing varied amounts of statistically incorporated thioester backbone linkages (2.5-55 mol %) can be selectively depolymerized to yield well-defined thiol-terminated fragments (<10 kDa) that are suitable for oxidative repolymn. to generate recycled PS of nearly identical molar mass to the parent material, in good yields (80-95%). A theor. model is provided to generalize this molar mass memory effect. Notably, the thermomech. properties of deconstructable PS bearing 2.5 mol % of cleavable linkages and its recycled product are similar to those of virgin PS. The additives were also shown to be effective for deconstruction of a cross-linked styrenic copolymer and deconstruction and repolymn. of a polyacrylate, suggesting that cleavable comonomers may offer a general approach toward circularity of many vinyl (co)polymers. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 2-bromo-4-fluorobenzoate (cas: 653-92-9Application In Synthesis of Methyl 2-bromo-4-fluorobenzoate).

Methyl 2-bromo-4-fluorobenzoate (cas: 653-92-9) belongs to organobromine compounds. Many of the organo bromine compounds are relatively nonpolar. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.8 vs 2.5) and hence the carbon in a carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic in nature. In the pharmaceutical industry organo bromine derivatives are used as sedatives, vasodilators, antiseptic agents, and anticancer agents.Application In Synthesis of Methyl 2-bromo-4-fluorobenzoate

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary