Author: Jessica.F

Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Novel [¹⁸F]FDG-Conjugated 2-Nitroimidazole Derivatives for Tumor Hypoxia Imaging was written by Yang, Xianteng;Wang, Fan;Zhu, Hua;Yang, Zhi;Chu, Taiwei. And the article was included in Molecular Pharmaceutics in 2019.Product Details of 954-81-4 This article mentions the following:

Hypoxia imaging can guide tumor treatment and monitor changes in hypoxia during treatment. However, there is still no ideal hypoxia imaging agent for clin. applications. In this study, two novel 2-nitromidazole derivatives were synthesized and directly radiolabeled by [¹⁸F]FDG in high radiochem. yield and excellent radiochem. purity. Cell experiments, biodistribution, and positron emission tomog. (PET) imaging studies were also conducted in mice-bearing S180 or OS732 tumors. [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC2ON [(2R,3S,4R,E)-2-¹⁸F-fluoro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal O-3-(2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-yl)ethylamino)-2-oxopropyl oxime] and [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC5ON [(2R,3S,4R,E)-2-¹⁸F-fluoro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal-O-3-(5-(2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-yl)pentylamino)-2-oxopropyl oxime] can be cleared from the blood quickly and specifically target hypoxic tumor cells. The uptake of the probes by hypoxic cells gradually increases with time. After 4 h, the uptake value of [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC2ON in hypoxic cells is 3.2 times higher than that in normoxia cells. In contrast, there is no difference in the uptake of [¹⁸F]FDG between hypoxic cells and normoxia cells. Biodistribution resulting from two tumor models indicate that the uptake values of the two radiotracers in the tumor are higher at 1 h than those at 2 and 4 h. At 1 and 2 h, the tumors are clearly observed on the PET images and the imaging features of [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC5ON and [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC2ON are distinct from those of [¹⁸F]FDG. Compared with [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC5ON, [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC2ON has a higher proportion of renal excretion, lower digestive tract uptake, and better imaging contrast because of its higher hydrophilicity. At 2 h, [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC2ON shows a good tumor-to-blood (T/B) ratio, tumor-to-muscle ratio based on biodistribution (Bio-T/M ratio), and tumor-to-muscle ratio based on regions of interest on the PET images [region of interest (ROI)-T/M ratio] in the two tumor models (T/B, Bio-T/M, and ROI-T/M ratios are 3.2, 2.6, and 3.9 in the S180 tumor model and are 3.4, 4.2, and 4.6 in the OS732 tumor model, resp.). The imaging features visualized with autoradiog. mostly coincided with the pos. areas of HIF1浼?staining by immunofluorescence. Meanwhile, the biodistribution study and PET imaging revealed that the uptake of the radiotracers in the tumor cannot be competed by 5% glucose, confirming that [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC2ON targets the hypoxic regions of the tumors instead of targeting tumors through the glucose metabolism pathway. These results suggest that the new 2-nitroimidazole derivative conjugated with [¹⁸F]FDG, [¹⁸F]FDG-2NNC2ON, has potential as an imaging agent for hypoxia. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(5-Bromopentyl)phthalimide (cas: 954-81-4Product Details of 954-81-4).

N-(5-Bromopentyl)phthalimide (cas: 954-81-4) belongs to organobromine compounds. A variety of minor organobromine compounds are found in nature, but none are biosynthesized or required by mammals. Organobromine compounds have fallen under increased scrutiny for their environmental impact. Bromine-containing agents predominate because not only are they more efficient than similar chlorine-containing species, but also the high atomic weight of bromine ensures that it is present in a high mass fraction within most organobromine compounds.Product Details of 954-81-4

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Fluorescent indolium dyes for applications in aqueous halide sensing-part 2: the repeated alkylation of Harmane post quaternisation was written by Geddes, C. D.. And the article was included in Dyes and Pigments in 2001.Application In Synthesis of 15-Bromopentadecanoic acid This article mentions the following:

The repeated alkylation of harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) after quaternization has been observed during fusion with 8-bromooctanoic acid (I). This can be explained by two possible competing mechanisms, the electrophilic addition of carboxyalkylating agent to the resonance enamine form of the initial quaternized product and/or oligoester formation between the quaternized product and I. The mechanisms are supported by ¹H NMR, FTIR, and mass spectrometry anal., and by carboxyoctylation of 6-methoxyquinoline. The possibility for controlling the repeated alkylation in nanometer size silica pores, in essence restricted geometry nanometer size reaction vessels, is discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 15-Bromopentadecanoic acid (cas: 56523-59-2Application In Synthesis of 15-Bromopentadecanoic acid).

15-Bromopentadecanoic acid (cas: 56523-59-2) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon閳ユ彽romine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. In the pharmaceutical industry organo bromine derivatives are used as sedatives, vasodilators, antiseptic agents, and anticancer agents.Application In Synthesis of 15-Bromopentadecanoic acid

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Ruthenium-catalyzed reaction of diazoquinones with arylamines to synthesize diarylamines was written by Rao, Junxin;Ren, Xiaoyu;Zhu, Xin;Guo, Zhen;Wang, Chengming;Zhou, Cong-Ying. And the article was included in Organic Chemistry Frontiers.Recommanded Product: 4-Amino-3-bromophenol This article mentions the following:

Herein, reported a Ru(II)-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reaction of diazoquinones with arylamines, which provided access to a range of functionalized diarylamines in 43-97% yields. The reaction proceeded under mild and neutral conditions and tolerates various functional groups. The synthetic utility of this method was demonstrated by the modular synthesis of structurally sophisticated diarylamine derivatives and the short synthesis of an anti-inflammatory compound In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5Recommanded Product: 4-Amino-3-bromophenol).

4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromo compounds are employed in a variety of metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. They are also ideal candidates for the synthesis of Grignard reagents that have wide-applicability in organic synthesis. The reactivity of organobromine compounds resembles but is intermediate between the reactivity of organochlorine and organoiodine compounds. For many applications, organobromides represent a compromise of reactivity and cost.Recommanded Product: 4-Amino-3-bromophenol

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Fries reaction of m-halophenylacetate was written by Chen, F.-C.;Chang, K. T.. And the article was included in Taiwan Yaoxue Zazhi in 1952.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

m-BrC₆H₄OAc (I) (10 g.) heated with 20 g. AlCl₃ (II), 2 hrs. at 80鎺? followed by steam distillation, gave 3 g. yellow crystals (III), m. 42-3鎺? and 0.4 g. yellow crystals (IV), m. 85-90鎺? from the distillate and the residue, resp. I (10 g.) treated with 18 g. II, 1 hr. at 45鎺? gave 1 g. IV. Assuming that the o-isomer predominates at elevated temperature, III and IV are apparently 4-bromo-2-hydroxy- and 2-bromo-4-hydroxyacetophenones, resp. III with BzH gave a chalcone (V), yellow needles, m. 115-16鎺? cyclization of V with H₃PO₄ gave a flavanone (VI), m. 77-8鎺? dehydrogenation of VI with N-bromosuccinimide gave a flavone, m. 162-3鎺? Heating 7 g. m-IC₆H₄OAc (VII) in 35 ml. PhNO₂ (VIII) with 20 g. II 4 hrs. at 90-5鎺? followed by steam distillation, gave 0.1 g. crystals (IX), m. 53-4鎺? and 0.1 g. crystals (X), m. 128-36鎺? from the distillate and the residue, resp. VII (5 g.) in 25 ml. VIII heated with 17 g. II 3 hrs. at 100-120鎺?gave 0.15 g. IX. IX and X are apparently 2-hydroxy-4-iodo- and 4-hydroxy-2-iodoacetophenones, resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Bromophenyl acetate (cas: 35065-86-2Category: bromides-buliding-blocks).

3-Bromophenyl acetate (cas: 35065-86-2) belongs to organobromine compounds. A variety of minor organobromine compounds are found in nature, but none are biosynthesized or required by mammals. Organobromine compounds have fallen under increased scrutiny for their environmental impact. Bromine-containing agents predominate because not only are they more efficient than similar chlorine-containing species, but also the high atomic weight of bromine ensures that it is present in a high mass fraction within most organobromine compounds.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

3-Halogeno-2-, 4- and 6-aminophenol was written by Hodgson, Herbert H.;Kershaw, Arnold. And the article was included in Journal of the Chemical Society in 1928.Application In Synthesis of 4-Amino-3-bromophenol This article mentions the following:

3-Chloro-2-aminophenol, m. 122鎺? by reduction of the corresponding NO₂ derivative (HCl salt, plates); 3-Br derivative, m. 138鎺?(HCl salt, needles); 3-I derivative, m. 137鎺?(decomposition) (HCl salt, plates). 3-Chloro-4-aminophenol, m. 159.5鎺?(HCl salt, plates); 3-Br derivative, m. 151鎺?(HCl salt, prisms); 3-I derivative, m. 145.5鎺?(HCl salt, plates). 3-Chloro-6-aminophenol, m. 154鎺?(HCl salt, plates); 3-Br derivative, m. 150鎺?(HCl salt, plates); 3-I derivative, m. 141鎺?(HCl salt, plates). Color reactions of these compounds with FeCl₃, bleaching powder solution and Br-H₂O are given. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5Application In Synthesis of 4-Amino-3-bromophenol).

4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon閳ユ彽romine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. In the pharmaceutical industry organo bromine derivatives are used as sedatives, vasodilators, antiseptic agents, and anticancer agents.Application In Synthesis of 4-Amino-3-bromophenol

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

An improved total synthesis of spermatinamine, an inhibitor of isoprenylcysteine carboxy methyltransferase was written by Ullah, Nisar;Haladu, Shamsuddeen A.;Mosa, Basem A.. And the article was included in Tetrahedron Letters in 2011.Name: 3,5-Dibromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde This article mentions the following:

An improved total synthesis of spermatinamine (I), an inhibitor of the anticancer target isoprenylcysteine carboxy methyltransferase (no biol. testing data presented), was accomplished starting from the com. available 3,4-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde via a high yielding reaction sequence in an overall yield of 31%. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3,5-Dibromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 108940-96-1Name: 3,5-Dibromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde).

3,5-Dibromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (cas: 108940-96-1) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromo compounds are employed in a variety of metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. They are also ideal candidates for the synthesis of Grignard reagents that have wide-applicability in organic synthesis. One prominent application of synthetic organobromine compounds is the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as fire-retardants, and in fact fire-retardant manufacture is currently the major industrial use of the element bromine.Name: 3,5-Dibromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel ketolides bearing an aryltetrazolyl-substituted alkyl side chain was written by Song, Qiu-Ling;Guo, Bao-Qin;Zhang, Wen;Lan, Ping;Sun, Ping-Hua;Chen, Wei-Min. And the article was included in Journal of Antibiotics in 2011.Application of 954-81-4 This article mentions the following:

A set of 17 novel ketolides bearing an aryltetrazolyl-substituted alkyl side chain were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities, which the aryltetrazolyl group was selected to replace the hetero-aryl moiety of the side chain in telithromycin for designing new compounds The synthesis of aryltetrazolyl alkylamines was reported in detail. The antibacterial activities of new ketolides were evaluated against a number of pathogens including macrolide-resistant organisms by using telithromycin as the reference Many of the evaluated compounds exhibited remarkable activities against both erythromycin-susceptible and erythromycin-resistant organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (except S. aureus AD-08), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Among these, the compound 11e exhibited excellent antibacterial potency against all the strains in comparison with others. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(5-Bromopentyl)phthalimide (cas: 954-81-4Application of 954-81-4).

N-(5-Bromopentyl)phthalimide (cas: 954-81-4) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromo compounds are employed in a variety of metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. They are also ideal candidates for the synthesis of Grignard reagents that have wide-applicability in organic synthesis. When the molecular ion is detected, the bromine and chlorine isotope patterns are very distinct, but caution is to be exercised for certain mixed chlorinated/brominated compounds, which can look similar to homohalogen patterns.Application of 954-81-4

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Electroorganic chemistry. 91. A novel base useful for synthesis of esters and macrolides was written by Shono, Tatsuya;Ishige, Osamu;Uyama, Hiroshi;Kashimura, Shigenori. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1986.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The anionic species (I) formed by the electroreduction of 2-pyrrolidone in DMF in the presence of tetraalkylammonium salts was a highly efficient base for the esterification of acids such as gibberellic and 6-aminopenicillanic acids which are not always stable under the usual esterification conditions. I was also useful for the selective transformation of 锠?halo carboxylic acids to the corresponding macrolides. The effect of the bulkiness of the supporting electrolytes on the selectivity of formation of macrolides over diolides was also discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 15-Bromopentadecanoic acid (cas: 56523-59-2Category: bromides-buliding-blocks).

15-Bromopentadecanoic acid (cas: 56523-59-2) belongs to organobromine compounds. A variety of minor organobromine compounds are found in nature, but none are biosynthesized or required by mammals. Organobromine compounds have fallen under increased scrutiny for their environmental impact. Commercially available organobromine pharmaceuticals include the vasodilator nicergoline, the sedative brotizolam, the anticancer agent pipobroman, and the antiseptic merbromin. Category: bromides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Synthesis of heptakis(2-O-methyl)-灏?cyclodextrin was written by Takeo, Kenichi;Kuge, Takashi. And the article was included in Staerke in 1976.Synthetic Route of C42H63Br7O28 This article mentions the following:

The title compound, I (R = OH, R1 = Me) (II), was prepared in 80% yield by methylation of I (R = Br, R1 = H) with Me2SO4-BaO-Ba(OH)2 in DMF at room temperature for 40 hr, followed by treatment with NaOBz in (Me2N)3PO at 90鎺?and deesterification with NaOMe in MeOH. NMR comparison of II and the tetradeca-O-methyl ether (III) of 灏?dextrin confirmed that the Me groups in III are located at O-2 and O-6. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Heptakis(6-Bromo-6-Deoxy)-灏?Cyclodextrin (cas: 53784-83-1Synthetic Route of C42H63Br7O28).

Heptakis(6-Bromo-6-Deoxy)-灏?Cyclodextrin (cas: 53784-83-1) belongs to organobromine compounds. Most organobromine compounds, like most organohalide compounds, are relatively nonpolar. One prominent application of synthetic organobromine compounds is the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as fire-retardants, and in fact fire-retardant manufacture is currently the major industrial use of the element bromine.Synthetic Route of C42H63Br7O28

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Binding Mode and Potency of N-Indolyloxopyridinyl-4-aminopropanyl-Based Inhibitors Targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 was written by Vieira, Debora F.;Choi, Jun Yong;Calvet, Claudia M.;Siqueira-Neto, Jair Lage;Johnston, Jonathan B.;Kellar, Danielle;Gut, Jiri;Cameron, Michael D.;McKerrow, James H.;Roush, William R.;Podust, Larissa M.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2014.Computed Properties of C8H6BrFO2 This article mentions the following:

Chagas disease is a chronic infection in humans caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and manifested in progressive cardiomyopathy and/or gastrointestinal dysfunction. Limited therapeutic options to prevent and treat Chagas disease put 8 million people infected with T. cruzi worldwide at risk. CYP51, involved in the biosynthesis of the membrane sterol component in eukaryotes, is a promising drug target in T. cruzi. We report the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of an N-arylpiperazine series of N-indolyloxopyridinyl-4-aminopropanyl-based inhibitors designed to probe the impact of substituents in the terminal N-Ph ring on binding mode, selectivity and potency. Depending on the substituents at C-4, two distinct ring binding modes, buried and solvent-exposed, have been observed by X-ray structure anal. (resolution of 1.95-2.48 鑴?. The 5-chloro-substituted analogs 9 and 10 with no substituent at C-4 demonstrated improved selectivity and potency, suppressing 閳?9.8% parasitemia in mice when administered orally at 25 mg/kg, b.i.d., for 4 days. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzoate (cas: 179232-29-2Computed Properties of C8H6BrFO2).

Methyl 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzoate (cas: 179232-29-2) belongs to organobromine compounds. Many of the organo bromine compounds are relatively nonpolar. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.8 vs 2.5) and hence the carbon in a carbon鑱砨romine bond is electrophilic in nature. Many of the alkyl bromine derivatives are excellent alkylating agents since bromides are good leaving groups. Tribromides, like tetrabutylammonium tribromide, are used as a solid source of bromine. N-bromosuccimide (NBS) is used for the selective bromination of allylic bonds.Computed Properties of C8H6BrFO2

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary