Tag: 100-200

Reducing the Trap Density in MAPbI₃ Based Perovskite Solar Cells via Bromide Substitution was written by Pegu, Meenakshi;Ghaderian, Abolfazl;Ahmad, Shahzada;Kazim, Samrana. And the article was included in ChemPlusChem in 2022.SDS of cas: 128-08-5 This article mentions the following:

The past decade has witnessed tremendous advancement in the field of halide perovskite (PSK) as a choice of material for high-performing solar cells fabrication. Here, we investigate the impact of the halide exchange through N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) treatment in MAPbI₃ based solar cells. We observed the partial halide exchange (I^– to Br^–) or the filling of halide (X^–) vacancy upon treatment of different NBS concentrations exptl. by spectroscopic and diffractogram studies. We noted that halide exchange impacts the crystallization and is beneficial in improving the photovoltaic performance. The optimized 0.5% NBS treated PSC exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 17.87% due to an increment in open-circuit voltage (V_oc) and short circuit current (J_sc). We noted improved perovskite crystal growth upon Br^– substitution; eventually, it helps to lower the trap d., reducing non-radiative recombination and renders the enhancement of long-term stability of PSC. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5SDS of cas: 128-08-5).

1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromo compounds are employed in a variety of metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. They are also ideal candidates for the synthesis of Grignard reagents that have wide-applicability in organic synthesis. Many of the alkyl bromine derivatives are excellent alkylating agents since bromides are good leaving groups. Tribromides, like tetrabutylammonium tribromide, are used as a solid source of bromine. N-bromosuccimide (NBS) is used for the selective bromination of allylic bonds.SDS of cas: 128-08-5

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Metabolism of ο-, m-, and p-fluoro, bromo-, and iodonitrobenzenes in the rabbit was written by Bray, H. G.;James, Sybil P.;Thorpe, W. V.. And the article was included in Biochemical Journal in 1958.Application of 74440-80-5 This article mentions the following:

The metabolism of ο-, m-, and p-fluoro-, ο-, m-, and p-bromo-, and ο-, m-, and p-iodonitrobenzenes has been studied in the rabbit. The ortho and para compounds form mercapturic acids (over 30% of the dose with the fluoro and ο-bromo compounds), but the meta compounds do not. Except with p-fluoronitrobenzene (less than 10%) about 30-60% of the dose is excreted as phenols conjugated with glucuronic and sulfuric acids; except with p-bromo- and p-iodonitrobenzenes (30%) less than 10% of the dose is excreted as the corresponding anilines. The main phenolic metabolite of p-fluoronitrobenzene is p-aminophenol. ο- and m-Fluoronitrobenzenes also probably undergo hydroxyldefluorination. Apart from hydroxyldehalogenation in the fluoro compounds the metabolic fate of the fluoro-, bromo-, and iodonitrobenzenes is, in general, qualitatively similar to that of the corresponding chloro compounds (Bray, et al., C.A. 50, 17144g). Other metabolites isolated in smaller quantities were as follows: N-acetyl-S-(2-nitrophenyl)-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-cysteine, p- and m-fluoroanilines, 4-amino-2-fluorophenol, ο- and m-bromoanilines, 4-amino-3- and 4-amino-2-bromophenols, 2-amino-4-, 2-amino-5-, 2-amino-6-bromophenols, ο-, m-, and p-iodoanilines, 4-amino-3- and 2-amino-5-iodophenols. The R_f values of the various metabolites in several solvent mixtures have been determined and recorded. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5Application of 74440-80-5).

4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. Commercially available organobromine pharmaceuticals include the vasodilator nicergoline, the sedative brotizolam, the anticancer agent pipobroman, and the antiseptic merbromin. Application of 74440-80-5

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Fine Tuning Alkyl Substituents on Dithienoquinoxaline-Based Wide-Bandgap Polymer Donors for Organic Photovoltaics was written by Busireddy, Manohar Reddy;Chen, Tsung-Wei;Huang, Sheng-Ci;Nie, Hebing;Su, Yi-Jia;Chuang, Chih-Ting;Kuo, Pei-Jung;Chen, Jiun-Tai;Hsu, Chain-Shu. And the article was included in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 128-08-5 This article mentions the following:

The mol. design of wide-bandgap conjugated polymer donors (WB-CPDs) is a promising strategy for tuning the bulk heterojunction blend film morphologies to achieve high-performance organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Herein, we synthesize two WB-CPDs, namely, PBQ-H and PBQ-M, with and without Me groups on the fused-dithieno[3,2-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxaline (DTQx) moiety. We systematically investigate their structure-property relationship and OPV performances. The AFM and 2D grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) studies reveal that the PBQ-H:BO-4Cl BHJ blend shows strengthened aggregation behavior and stronger π-π stacking on face-on orientation compared with the PBQ-M:BO-4Cl BHJ blend, enhancing the phase separation, charge transport, and fill factor (FF). Blend film absorption spectra, however, show that the PBQ-H:BO-4Cl BHJ blend exhibits a lower absorption coefficient than that of the PBQ-M:BO-4Cl BHJ blend, which decreases the short-circuit c.d. (J_SC). As a consequence, the optimized PBQ-H:BO-4Cl BHJ blend delivers a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.88% with a J_SC of 23.97 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of 0.86 V, and an FF of 62.46%, compared with the PBQ-M:BO-4Cl BHJ blend (PCE of 11.81% with a J_SC of 24.78 mA/cm², a V_OC of 0.85 V, and an FF of 56.11%). Overall, this work demonstrates that alkyl group substitution on the DTQx moiety on the basis of WB-CPDs is critical for controlling the film morphol. and thus obtaining high OPV performances. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5HPLC of Formula: 128-08-5).

1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromo compounds are employed in a variety of metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. They are also ideal candidates for the synthesis of Grignard reagents that have wide-applicability in organic synthesis. One prominent application of synthetic organobromine compounds is the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as fire-retardants, and in fact fire-retardant manufacture is currently the major industrial use of the element bromine.HPLC of Formula: 128-08-5

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Synthesis and base strengths of some (ω-methoxyalkyl)silanes and -germanes was written by Bellama, J. M.;Gerchman, L. L.. And the article was included in Inorganic Chemistry in 1975.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The ethers MH3(CH2)nOMe (M = C, Si, Ge; n = 1-6) were prepared from the appropriate 1-haloalkyl methyl ethers. A comparison of their base strengths (proton affinities) as measured by the shift in the ir OH stretching frequency of MeOH on complexation with the ethers shows that some factor(s) other than inductive effects significantly influences the electron-donating ability of O in the Si and Ge hydrides when n = 1 and 2. At n = 3-6 the basicities of these ethers converge toward those of the C analogs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Bromo-4-methoxybutane (cas: 4457-67-4Category: bromides-buliding-blocks).

1-Bromo-4-methoxybutane (cas: 4457-67-4) belongs to organobromine compounds. Most of the natural organobromine compounds are produced by marine organisms, and several brominated metabolites with antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, and antifungal activity have been isolated from seaweed, sponges, corals, molluscs, and others. The principal reactions for organobromides include dehydrobromination, Grignard reactions, reductive coupling, and nucleophilic substitution.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Discovery of a Novel Pyrrole Derivative 1-[5-(2-Fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-N-methylmethanamine Fumarate (TAK-438) as a Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker (P-CAB) was written by Arikawa, Yasuyoshi;Nishida, Haruyuki;Kurasawa, Osamu;Hasuoka, Atsushi;Hirase, Keizo;Inatomi, Nobuhiro;Hori, Yasunobu;Matsukawa, Jun;Imanishi, Akio;Kondo, Mitsuyo;Tarui, Naoki;Hamada, Teruki;Takagi, Terufumi;Takeuchi, Toshiyuki;Kajino, Masahiro. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2012.Reference of 881676-32-0 This article mentions the following:

In our pursuit of developing a novel and potent potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB), we synthesized pyrrole derivatives focusing on compounds with low log D and high ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE) values. Among the compounds synthesized, the compound I exhibited potent H⁺,K⁺-ATPase inhibitory activity and potent gastric acid secretion inhibitory action in vivo. Its maximum efficacy was more potent and its duration of action was much longer than those of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Therefore, compound I (1-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-N-methylmethanamine fumarate, TAK-438) was selected as a drug candidate for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, and other acid-related diseases. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde (cas: 881676-32-0Reference of 881676-32-0).

5-Bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde (cas: 881676-32-0) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromo compounds are employed in a variety of metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. They are also ideal candidates for the synthesis of Grignard reagents that have wide-applicability in organic synthesis. alpha-Bromoesters are employed in the Reformatsky reaction for the synthesis of beta-hydroxyesters. One prominent application of synthetic organobromine compounds is the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as fire-retardants, and in fact fire-retardant manufacture is currently the major industrial use of the element bromine.Reference of 881676-32-0

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Rearrangement of the bromine atom in the demethylation of bromomethoxybenzoic acid. IV. 2-Bromoanisic acid and 3-bromoanisic acid was written by Tomita, Masao;Fujitani, Kazuyoshi. And the article was included in Yakugaku Zasshi in 1956.Recommanded Product: 74440-80-5 This article mentions the following:

2,4-Br(MeO)C₆H₃CO₂H (XI), needles, m. 197-8°, was synthesized from 4-O₂NC₆H₄Me or p-cresol as a raw material. Nitration of 3-BrC₆H₄OH gave 3,4-Br(O₂N)C₆H₃OH, m. 125-31°, which was reduced to 3,4-Br(H₂N)C₆H₃OH, m. 151°; this was diazotized and treated with CuCN yielding 2,4-Br(HO)C₆H₃CN (XII), m. 151°. XI (0.5 g.), 15 ml. PhCl, and 2 g. AlCl₃ heated 1.5 hrs. on a water bath and the product poured on ice and extracted with Et₂O gave 0.3 g. 2,4-Br(HO)C₆H₃CO₂H (XIII), needles, m. 206-8° (from water); the m.p. of XIII given as 151° by Hodgson and Jenkinson (cf. C.A. 22,949) was confirmed to be the m.p. of XII. XI (1 g.) and 7 ml. HBr-AcOH in a sealed tube heated 5 hrs. at 130° and 2 hrs. at 150°, the product concentrated, neutralized with NaHCO₃ to remove the acidic substance, extracted with Et₂O, stirred with NaOH, and the NaOH layer acidified with HCl and extracted with Et₂O gave 3-BrC₆H₄OH (benzoate, m. 84-5°) and a small amount of XIII, m. 206-8°. XI (0.5 g.) and 6 ml. HCl-AcOH in a sealed tube heated 12 hrs. at 150° gave 0.45 g. XI. 2,4-Br(MeO)C₆H₃CO₂Me (XIV), plates, m. 29°, (1 g.) and 7 ml. HBr-AcOH in a sealed tube heated and the product treated as usual gave 3-BrC₆H₄OH. Similarly, 3,4-Br(MeO)C₆H₃CO₂H gave 3,4-Br(HO)C₆H₃CO₂H, m. 106-7°. 3,4-Br(MeO)C₆H₃CO₂Me (0.5 g.) gave 0.3 g. 3,5,4-Br₂(HO)C₆H₂CO₂H, m. 253-7° (decomposition), and 0.1 g. 3,4-Br(HO)C₆H₃CO₂H, m. 175-7° (Me ester, m. 107°). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5Recommanded Product: 74440-80-5).

4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Organo bromine compounds are versatile compounds and are widely used in diverse fields. Organo bromine derivatives are used in the dye sector, as an indicator in analytical chemistry (Bromothymol blue is a popular indicator). In the pharmaceutical industry organo bromine derivatives are used as sedatives, vasodilators, antiseptic agents, and anticancer agents.Recommanded Product: 74440-80-5

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Development of a Process to a 4-Arylated 2-Methylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one for the Treatment of Solid Tumors: Lessons in Ortho-Bromination, Selective Solubility, Pd Deactivation, and Form Control was written by Primer, David N.;Yong, Kelvin;Ramirez, Antonio;Kreilein, Matthew;Ferretti, Antonio C.;Ruda, Antonio M.;Fleary-Roberts, Nadia;Moseley, Jonathan D.;Forsyth, Sian M.;Evans, Graham R.;Traverse, John F.. And the article was included in Organic Process Research & Development in 2022.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Presented an optimized, scalable synthesis of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitor BMS-986378 (CC-90010). The original route and process 1A was 7 steps with 33.8% yield and featured numerous problematic solvents, process safety concerns, difficult to scale unit operations and challenging to control impurities. Reaction optimization to remove or mitigate these challenges resulted in first scale-up route and process, 2A. Subsequent challenges encountered on scale-up of route and process 2A warranted the creation and implementation of an enhanced process, which eliminated dichloromethane from a phenol bromination, improved catalyst performance in the penultimate cross-coupling and finally developed a concomitant solvent charging process for form control in the final API crystallization The resulting scale-up route and process, 2B, were demonstrated on a >50 kg scale and afforded the final product in 49% yield over 7 steps in >99.9% assay and area purity, meeting all ICH requirements for quality. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5Category: bromides-buliding-blocks).

1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. A variety of minor organobromine compounds are found in nature, but none are biosynthesized or required by mammals. Organobromine compounds have fallen under increased scrutiny for their environmental impact. Many of the alkyl bromine derivatives are excellent alkylating agents since bromides are good leaving groups. Tribromides, like tetrabutylammonium tribromide, are used as a solid source of bromine. N-bromosuccimide (NBS) is used for the selective bromination of allylic bonds.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Quinone Diazides for Olefin Functionalization was written by Dao, Hai T.;Baran, Phil S.. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2014.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The use of quinone diazides, e.g., I, in the functionalization of olefins, e.g., (+)-carvone, via rhodium-catalyzed tandem cyclopropanation/selective ring-opening reactions was investigated. The products, e.g., II, were produced with good regioselectivity. The methodol. was then applied to the the synthesis of steroidal-type compounds III and IV. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5Category: bromides-buliding-blocks).

4-Amino-3-bromophenol (cas: 74440-80-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Most of the natural organobromine compounds are produced by marine organisms, and several brominated metabolites with antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, and antifungal activity have been isolated from seaweed, sponges, corals, molluscs, and others. The principal reactions for organobromides include dehydrobromination, Grignard reactions, reductive coupling, and nucleophilic substitution.Category: bromides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Universal Hole Transporting Material via Mutual Doping for Conventional, Inverted, and Blade-Coated Large-Area Organic Solar Cells was written by Yang, Yi;Wang, Jingwen;Bi, Pengqing;Kang, Qian;Zheng, Zhong;Xu, Bowei;Hou, Jianhui. And the article was included in Chemistry of Materials in 2022.Computed Properties of C4H4BrNO2 This article mentions the following:

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have been widely used as hole transporting materials (HTMs) in optoelectronic devices due to their good film-forming ability. However, the low work function (WF) and poor conductivity of CPEs are long-standing issues that limit their performances and applications. Herein, by a rational mol. design and an innovative mutual doping mechanism, we developed a new CPE composite PIDT-F:phosphomolybdic acid (PIDT-F:PMA) that can be used as HTM in diverse types of organic solar cells (OSCs), such as conventional, inverted, and blade-coated large-area devices. The redox reaction between the CPE PIDT-F and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) has a synergistic effect that significantly increases the doping d. by nearly 2 orders of magnitude. Such mutual doping is an effective approach to simultaneously obtain ultrahigh WF and good conductivity in HTMs. Notably, the PIDT-F:PMA HTM showed superior hole collection ability over poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and achieved a high photovoltaic efficiency (PCE) of 17.6%, representing the highest PCE in OSCs with a pH-neutral solution-processed HTM so far. Furthermore, PIDT-F:PMA can form smooth films on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates; therefore, the HTM could also be used to fabricate inverted and blade-coated large-area OSCs, showing high PCEs of 16.9 and 16.4%, resp. We believe that such a design strategy will pave a new path for the exploration of highly efficient and universal HTMs for diverse OSCs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5Computed Properties of C4H4BrNO2).

1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents. The principal reactions for organobromides include dehydrobromination, Grignard reactions, reductive coupling, and nucleophilic substitution.Computed Properties of C4H4BrNO2

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary

Expanded Azaporphyrins Consisting of Multiple BODIPY Units: Global Aromaticity and High Affinities Towards Alkali Metal Ions was written by Rao, Yutao;Xu, Ling;Zhou, Mingbo;Yin, Bangshao;Osuka, Atsuhiro;Song, Jianxin. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2022.Electric Literature of C4H4BrNO2 This article mentions the following:

The 1-pot self-coupling reaction of 3-amino-5-bromo-BODIPY 9 under Buchwald-Hartwig amination conditions gave nitrogen-bridged cyclic BODIPY tetramer 10, pentamer 11, and hexamer 12. Oxidation of 10, 11, and 12 in the presence of alkali metal ions provided 13, 15, and 16, resp., as the first examples of expanded azaporphyrins possessing more than six pyrrole rings. Curiously, the oxidation even in the absence of alkali metal ions gave the same complexes as a result of spontaneous complexation. 10–12 Showed large association constants (10⁴-10⁶ M^-1) with K⁺ and Na⁺, but the spontaneous complexations were not observed, indicating the extremely high affinities of 13–16 toward alkali metal ions, which can be ascribed to the multiple and effective ion-dipole interaction of the alkali metal ion with the neg. polarized F atoms of the BF₂ walls surrounding the cavity. Importantly, 13, 14, and 15 show diatropic ring currents as a result of global aromaticity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5Electric Literature of C4H4BrNO2).

1-Bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (cas: 128-08-5) belongs to organobromine compounds. Most of the natural organobromine compounds are produced by marine organisms, and several brominated metabolites with antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, and antifungal activity have been isolated from seaweed, sponges, corals, molluscs, and others. Commercially available organobromine pharmaceuticals include the vasodilator nicergoline, the sedative brotizolam, the anticancer agent pipobroman, and the antiseptic merbromin. Electric Literature of C4H4BrNO2

Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary